Smell And Taste Research Anatomy And Physiology Honors

Smell and Taste Research Kaitlyn Martin Mrs. Amber Jackson Anatomy Physiology Honors November 7, 2014 Smell and Taste Research Many people are fortunate enough to have five senses. These senses are taste, touch, sight, smell, and hearing. Some people don t have sight and are blind, and others don t have hearing and they are deaf. Not many people go through their lives without a sense of feeling, taste, or smell; not having those senses are much less common than being deaf or blind. The sense of smell is triggered by chemoreceptors, structures that detect chemicals commonly found in food, in taste buds that are primarily on a person s tongue with an exception of few on the palate (Nelson, 1998). They are structures that are often found in the papillae of the tongue. A person can have anywhere from five thousand to ten thousand taste buds in their mouth, but on one taste bud there can be up to one hundred individual sensory cells. These specialized sensory cells can be stimulated by testants like sugar, salt, and acid. After they are stimulated, they send sensations to nerve fibers, and from there, they send these sensations through the cranial nerves where they are received in taste regions of the brain stem. Next, the sensation is sent through the thalamus, and carried to the cerebral cortex; this area will make a person conscious of their perception of taste (Society for Neuroscience, 2012). Smelling occurs when someone’s nose brings in.odor molecules fromShow MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesto think through the problem more carefully. You could discover consequences of your decision that you might not have thought of at first. For example, in the camping situation with Emilio and Juanita, you might have quickly agreed to let Emilio taste the water first to see whether it had Giardia. Perhaps only later would you have thought about the consequence of his becoming too sick to hike back out of the forest. Would you have been able to carry him back to safety? Faced with a question ofRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesFoundations of Organization Structure 479 v vi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System 16 Organizational Culture 511 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices 543 18 Organizational Change and Stress Management 577 Appendix A Research in Organizational Behavior Comprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1 Introduction What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Importance of Interpersonal Skills 4 What Managers Do 5 Management

Industrial Organization and Regulation of the Market Free Essays

A market could be described in simple words as a place where buyers and sellers meet to exchange goods and/or services. In this context the market does not have to take a physical location. This has been made possible by advances in technology where it’s now possible to sell/by goods and or services over the telephone or through the internet. We will write a custom essay sample on Industrial Organization and Regulation of the Market or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are different types of markets and these markets are determined by many factors. In general we have two broad categories of markets; these are the industrial markets and consumer markets. Consumer Markets Consumer markets are the markets for products and services bought by individuals for their own or family or domestic use. Goods bought in consumer markets can be categorised in several ways: †¢ Fast-moving consumer goods (â€Å"FMCG’s†) †¢ Consumer durables †¢ Soft goods †¢ Services (e.g. hairdressing, dentists, childcare) Industrial Markets Industrial markets involve the sale of goods between businesses. These are goods that are not aimed directly at consumers. Industrial markets include †¢ Selling finished goods †¢ Selling raw materials or components †¢ Selling services to businesses Industrial markets often require a slightly different marketing strategy and mix Organization and Regulation: In every kind of market situation mistakes just like in the public sector can and do occur. When governments fail we call it government failure but when markets fail we call it market failure. Of course, most deviations from the ideal are minor and do not impose significant costs on society. But when deviations are significant there is often a call for government to do something about the problem. For example, markets can deviate significantly from the competitive ideal — e.g., firms may acquire significant market power, undertake deceptive practices or collude like cartels in order to make abnormal profits. When it comes to regulation and organization of markets there are usually a few goals that every industry and or government wants to achieve. These include consumer protection (from sub-standard or harmful products), price controls (to prevent over exploitation of consumers and unhealthy competition), prevent counterfeiting and black market trading. In essence thus regulation involves administrative guidance of the market in order to make it more efficient. By efficiency we mean Economic efficiency and Economic efficiency is something much more than producing goods at the lowest possible cost. It involves providing individuals with the goods and services they desire, in the quantities, qualities, places, and times they desire them, with the least use of society’s scarce resources. Economists argue that if markets are competitive, if accurate information is available, if resources are mobile, and if individuals engaging in the transactions bear the full costs and receive the full benefits of their transactions, economic efficiency will be achieved. Regulation can either be internal or external. Internal regulation usually involves regulation within the industry especially in the field of competition. External regulation involves control through government policies. External regulation includes: Social Regulation. This involves government regulation to contain negative externalities. Environmental problems, like pollution and congestion, are hard to solve[1]. Due to this governments come up with measures to control this, these measures include: Rights to pollute and rights to use highways. Rights to Pollute Creating rights to pollute the air can – paradoxically – help to control pollution. A â€Å"right-to-pollute† solution for pollution control defines a right to pollute and allows that right to be bought and sold. In essence these rights are limited this makes their prices high. In order to avoid paying these huge amounts firms instead install pollution abatement equipments and these help reduce overall pollution. This means that the level of allowable pollution can be specified, as we now do for instance to limit sulphur dioxide emissions in the United States to combat acid rain.[2] Once pollution rights are defined and a given supply is established, a market price can be determined. Then those who can reduce pollution most efficiently, that is, for less than the value of a right to pollute, will reduce pollution and sell their rights to pollute to others. Those who face higher pollution abatement costs can buy the pollution rights and use them for permission to emit pollution. Thus, at market equilibrium, the price of pollution rights reflects the marginal cost of controlling pollution to the level that the available pollution rights will allow. Rights to Highway Use We pay no price for highway use. We incur the private cost of a vehicle trip between two points, including not only fuel, oil, tire wear, and so on, but also the driver’s (and passengers’) time, and when congestion is serious that time component goes up.[3] The familiar problem of excessive traffic congestion arises because each of us decides whether to make a highway trip on the basis of the average cost rather than the marginal cost of the trip to society.[4] An additional car can join a stream of cars on the highway and it will share in the average costs and delays of all the other cars. Yet that marginal vehicle causes delays to all the others, delays that the driver of the marginal vehicle does not take into account when joining the traffic stream. A solution to the highway congestion problem can come from assigning a property right in road use — a right to delay others, like the right to pollute. Electronic devices exist now that will record time spent on a road. When placed in vehicles, these devices function like the electricity meter in your house, but they identify the time and location of your road use[5]. Technology and economics combine in these devices to make billing drivers for road use feasible, and that can avoid excessive congestion. Such devices and fees are in effective use in Singapore[6] and many of us should expect to see them in our lifetimes. There are many other areas where social regulation Was introduced in clumsy forms – consumer protection for example – that are improving gradually, based on economic Ideas that improve information and market function. Economic regulation. Economic regulation in many markets has taken a form whereby the number of firms in an industry is determined by the government and the markets firms can serve are specified by the regulatory commission. Prices and rates of return are regulated and, importantly, entry into the industry is either forbidden or made very difficult by law. Thus economic regulation maybe in the form of antitrust laws or price fixation. In antitrust cases, courts follow either â€Å"per se† rules, under which certain facts determine guilt or innocence, or they examine circumstances more broadly and follow a â€Å"rule of reason† analysis, to determine the appropriateness of the observed behaviour. The per se procedure is quicker and easier, and of course it gives more precise guidelines to business firms, but it requires what lawyers call â€Å"bright line,† or clear, rules. The disadvantage of such per se rules is that they may be over or under inclusive. The alternative, rule-of-reason, analysis allows courts to examine the circumstances of each case. It is in these rule of reason analyses that economics is applied far better now than in the past. Limitations of regulation:   Regulation leads to increased costs of conducting business. The direct and indirect costs of regulation result in higher prices and increased costs of employing workers. These costs act as a tax on job creation and employment. They also cause a decrease in productivity. The higher business costs that result from regulation are passed along to consumers in the form of higher prices (indirect taxation). To the extent that lower income individuals spend a greater proportion of their income on the goods and services affected, the higher prices are in essence a form of regressive taxation.[7] Conclusion: The organization and or regulation of any market has its ups and down. Markets and governments always fail from time to time. Due to this a harmonious relation needs to exist between the government and industries. This requires that where regulation leads to increased. Reference: Ellerman, A. Denny, et al. (2000) Markets for clean air: The U.S. acid rain program, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Mills, David E. 1981. Ownership arrangements and congestion-prone facilities. American Economic Review 71: 493-502. Phang, Sock-Young, and Mukul G. Asher. 1997. Recent developments in Singapore’s motor vehicle policies. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy 31: 205-25. Roger Sherman, The Future of Market Regulation available a: www.seapres.wp8.htm. Sherman, Roger. 1967. A private ownership bias in transit choice. American Economic Review 57: 1211-17. Sherman, Roger. 1971. Congestion interdependence and urban transit fares. Econometrica 39: 565-76. Theriault III, Rene J. 1999. The congestion crisis: An evaluation of traffic and congestion remedies for the Washington, DC metropolitan area. Undergraduate thesis, University of Virginia. [1] Roger Sherman, The Future of Market Regulation available a:www.seapres.wp8.htm [2] Ellerman, A. Denny, et al. 2000. Markets for clean air: The U.S. acid rain program, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [3] Sherman, Roger. 1967. A private ownership bias in transit choice. American Economic Review 57: 1211-17. [4] Mills, David E. 1981. Ownership arrangements and congestion-prone facilities. American Economic Review 71: 493-502. [5] Theriault III, Rene J. 1999. The congestion crisis: An evaluation of traffic and congestion remedies for the Washington, DC metropolitan area. Undergraduate thesis, University of Virginia. [6] Phang, Sock-Young, and Mukul G. Asher. 1997. Recent developments in Singapore’s motor vehicle policies. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy 31: 205-25. [7] Web article available at:www.regulation.org How to cite Industrial Organization and Regulation of the Market, Essay examples

Natural Law Essay Example For Students

Natural Law Essay The School of Natural Law Philosophy was an intellectual group ofphilosophers. They developed new ways of thinking about religion and government. Natural law was based on moral principles, but the overall outlook changed withthe times. John Locke was a great philosopher from the middle of the 17th century. He was a primary contributor to the new ideas concerning natural law of thattime. He argued that humans in the state of nature are free and equal, yetinsecure in their freedom. When they enter society, they surrender only suchrights as are necessary for their security and for the common good. He alsobelieved that each individual retains fundamental prerogatives drawn fromnatural law relating to the integrity of the person and property. This naturalrights theory was the basis of not only the American, but also the Frenchrevolution. 1 During his lifetime, he wrote many essays and letters to hiscolleagues on a variety of topics:2Letter on Toleration (1689)Second Letter on Toleration (1690)Two Treatises of Government (1690)Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690)Some Considerations of the Consequences of Lowering of Interest, and Raising the Value of Money (1691)Third Letter on Toleration (1692)Some Thoughts Concerning Education (1693)Further Considerations Concerning Raising the Valu e of Money (1693)The Reasonableness of Christianity (1695)A Vindication of the Reasonableness of Christianity (1695)A Second Vindication of the Reasonableness of Christianity (1695)A Letter to the Bishop of Worcester (1697)Discourse on MiraclesFourth Letter for TolerationAn Examination of Father Malebranches Opinion of Seeing All Things in GodRemarks on Some of Mr Norriss BooksConduct of the UnderstandingLockes greatest philosophical contribution is his Essay ConcerningHuman Understanding. In the winter of 1670, five or six friends were talking inhis room, probably in London. The topic was the principles of morality andrevealed religion, but arguments arose and no real progress or seriousdiscussion took place. Then, he goes on to say, it came into my thoughts thatwe took a wrong course, and that before we set ourselves upon inquiries of thatnature, it was necessary to examine our own abilities, and see what objects ourunderstandings were, or were not, fitted to deal with. At the req uest of hisfriends, Locke agreed to write down his thoughts on this question at their nextmeeting, and he expected that a single sheet of paper would suffice for thepurpose. Little did he realize the importance of the issue which he raised, andthat it would take up his free time for nearly twenty years. The Essay isdivided into four books; the first is a debate against the doctrine of innateprinciples and ideas of that time. The second deals with ideas, the third withwords, and the fourth with knowledge. Lockes ideas center on traditional philosophical topics: the nature ofthe self, the world, God, and the grounds of our knowledge of them. He addressesthese questions at the end of his Essay. The first three sections are anintroduction, and Locke saw that they had an importance of their own. Hisopening statements make this plain:Since it is the understanding that sets man above the rest of sensiblebeings, and gives him all the advantage and dominion which he has over them; itis certainly a subject, even for its nobleness, worth our labour to inquire into. The understanding, like the eye, while it makes us see and perceive all otherthings, takes no notice of itself; and it requires art and pains to set it at adistance and make it its own object. But whatever be the difficulties that liein the way of this inquiry; whatever it be that keeps us so much in the dark toourselves; sure I am that all the light we can let in upon our minds, all theacquaintance we can make with our own understandings, will not only be verypleasant, but bring us great advantage, in directing our thoughts in the searchof other things. .u20e5fb59a34a9594c9466d7009661cd6 , .u20e5fb59a34a9594c9466d7009661cd6 .postImageUrl , .u20e5fb59a34a9594c9466d7009661cd6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u20e5fb59a34a9594c9466d7009661cd6 , .u20e5fb59a34a9594c9466d7009661cd6:hover , .u20e5fb59a34a9594c9466d7009661cd6:visited , .u20e5fb59a34a9594c9466d7009661cd6:active { border:0!important; } .u20e5fb59a34a9594c9466d7009661cd6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u20e5fb59a34a9594c9466d7009661cd6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u20e5fb59a34a9594c9466d7009661cd6:active , .u20e5fb59a34a9594c9466d7009661cd6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u20e5fb59a34a9594c9466d7009661cd6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u20e5fb59a34a9594c9466d7009661cd6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u20e5fb59a34a9594c9466d7009661cd6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u20e5fb59a34a9594c9466d7009661cd6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u20e5fb59a34a9594c9466d7009661cd6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u20e5fb59a34a9594c9466d7009661cd6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u20e5fb59a34a9594c9466d7009661cd6 .u20e5fb59a34a9594c9466d7009661cd6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u20e5fb59a34a9594c9466d7009661cd6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Franz Boas On Fashion Deviation EssayCategory: Music and Movies